sperm whale distance traveled in migration

Tagged whales of all ecotypes traveled faster during migration than when they were foraging in antarctic waters: mean overall travel speed for individuals on the feeding grounds was 3.4 km/hr (range 1.4–7.3, n = 63), and during migration this increased to 8.4 km/hr (range 4.4–11.1, n = 31).

Tagged whales of all ecotypes traveled faster during migration than when they were foraging in antarctic waters: mean overall travel speed for individuals on the feeding grounds was 3.4 km/hr (range 1.4–7.3, n = 63), and during migration this increased to 8.4 km/hr (range 4.4–11.1, n = 31). In contrast, types B1, B2, and C killer whales have a distinctive, two‐toned gray and white color pattern, a conspicuous dorsal cape, markedly different eye patches, and they forage extensively in and around sea ice (Durban et al., 2016; Pitman & Durban, 2012; Pitman & Ensor, 2003; Pitman et al., 2018).

Of these, 30 (48%) individuals of four different ecotypes (4 type A, 3 B1, 7 B2, and 16 C) were identified as initiating northbound migrations (Table 1); presumably the other 32 individuals would also have migrated if their tags had not stopped transmitting before they departed. These findings indicate that migrating type C whales made round trips and showed site fidelity to the feeding grounds even after making lengthy migrations (see also Fearnbach et al., 2019; Pitman et al., 2018). For Better, For Worse: Manatee‐Associated Historically, killer whales were not known to undertake long‐distance migrations. Dedicated summer field seasons were conducted from 2001-2003. Donna Strickland and Gérard Mourou were jointly awarded the prize for developing chirped-pulse amplification of lasers, The Ledumahadi Mafube roamed around 200 million years ago in what is now South Africa. Recently discovered by a team of international scientists, it was the largest land animal of its time, weighing 12 tons and standing at 13 feet. Two of these types (A and D) occur predominantly in open waters, two others (B1 and C) forage almost exclusively among sea ice, and the remaining type (B2) is intermediate. These three ecotypes comprise a mammal‐eating prey specialist (B1), a fish‐eater (C), and a penguin predator that is suspected to feed mainly on fish (B2; Durban et al., 2016; Pitman & Durban 2010, 2012; Pitman & Ensor, 2003; Pitman et al., 2018). Migrating whales appeared to be headed to the same general area (i.e., northeast of New Zealand) but not to the same specific destination (Figure 5), and individual turnaround points were separated by as much as 2,894 km, spanning approximately 1,897 km of latitude and 2,894 km of longitude in an area of almost 5.5 million km2. Distribution and behaviour of male sperm whales on the Scotian Shelf, Canada, Behaviour and Vocalizations of Two Single Sperm Whales, Physeter macrocephalus, Off Nova Scotia, Sperm whales in the Gulf of California: Residency, movements, behavior, and the possible influence of variation in food supply, SPERM WHALE DIVES TRACKED BY RADIO TAG TELEMETRY, Distribution and relative abundance of sperm whales in the Mediterranean Sea, Stephanie L. Watwood, P. Miller, … P. Tyack, Alexandre Gannier, Estelle Petiau, … Luke Rendell, View 2 excerpts, cites background and results, View 2 excerpts, cites background and methods, View 3 excerpts, references methods and background, View 2 excerpts, references results and background, View 3 excerpts, references background and results, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Birthing in antarctic waters would allow newborn calves to forgo traveling thousands of kilometers, at high speed, immediately postpartum, while living in an area where the mother has access to abundant prey resources. Although belugas live and calve in cold waters (0°–7°C), the estuaries where they molt are considerably warmer (10°C–18°C; Watts, Draper, & Henrico, 1991).

Payne (1995) listed a buffet of possible explanations, including whales tracking prey resources that could be more abundant at lower latitudes during the winter; whales needing to shed barnacles, which tend to fall off in warm waters, or mothers seeking shallow water to protect their calves from attacks by large sharks or killer whales (Orcinus orca).

The close agreement between MGD and MTD indicates a directional progression during migrations. The breeding cycle of the female humpback whale, The humpback whale: Seasonal feeding and breeding in a baleen whale, Cetacean societies: Field studies of dolphins and whales, Why do baleen whales migrate? The overall mean of individual dive depth during migration was 38.1 m (range of individual means 33.4–42.5; mean maximum dive 225.3 m; range of individual maximums 182–292; n = 3, with all three animals from the same group). The farthest north latitude attained by a tagged B1 individual was 36.3°S (Figure 3c), and the SST there was 22.0°C (Table 1, Figure 8b). More recently, however, individuals from two different groups in the eastern North Pacific were documented traveling minimum (straight‐line) distances of 2,660 and 4,435 km based on photo‐identification matches (Goley & Straley, 1994; Dahlheim et al., 2008; respectively), and 1,333 km (straight line) and 3,839 km (“path” distance; i.e., not straight line) based on satellite‐tracking data (Reisinger, Keith, Andrews, & de Bruyn, 2015; Matkin et al., 2012; respectively).

Although killer whales in Antarctica are often coated with a yellow diatom film, at other times, the same individuals can be clean, without a hint of yellowing (Durban & Pitman, 2012). We previously suggested that antarctic killer whales could conserve body heat in subfreezing (to −1.9°C) waters by reducing blood flow to their skin, but that this might preclude normal (i.e., continuous) epidermal molt, and necessitate periodic trips to warm waters for routine skin maintenance (“skin molt migration,” SMM). The relatively large discrepancies between the MGD and MTD for each of these two individuals reflected the more meandering migration routes of type A killer whales compared to types B1, B2, and C (cf. Sea surface temperatures encountered during selected migrations for selected individuals of four different ecotypes of killer whales satellite tagged in antarctic waters during 2009–2016: (a) ecotype A, (b) B1, (c) B2, and (d) C. The nearest warm water for killer whales migrating from the Antarctic Peninsula area is off the east coast of South America. Independent Premium Comments can be posted by members of our membership scheme, Independent Premium.

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