outcome definition statistics

Experimental studies – constitute one of the two major branches of analytical research (observational studies form the second branch).

disease present or absent). The most frequently used measures of central tendency are the arithmetic mean and the median. Tennant A, McKenna SP. Classical public health epidemiology – generally aims to investigate distributions and causes of diseases in populations. Multivariable – an adjective used in statistics to describe situations or procedures where more than two variables only are considered or involved. Quantitative epidemiology – aims to collect information on many people who are representative of a wider population. Retrolective data – are based on previously collected routine data such as medical records or registry data. As opposed to the standard deviation, it can also be used in a meaningful way when the underlying distribution is not symmetrical.

Rehabilitation measures database: developed to help clinicians and researchers identify reliable and valid instruments used to assess patient outcomes during all phases of rehabilitation. The questionnaires are scored by applying a predetermined point system to the patient's responses.

Literature review – is the process of collecting, classifying and evaluating what other researchers have previously written about a topic. Bar Chart (bivariate) – is also used as a name for type of bivariate graphical display where one categorical and one numerical variable are involved. people newly acquiring a disease or an attribute) developing during a specific period of time divided by the total disease free person-time of observation seen in the population at risk. An operational research hypothesis is the centre of every well-planned quantitative research.

Agents - are biological, physical, or chemical factors that contribute to the occurrence of a disease. observations out of the “normal” range). Epidemiological (demographic) transition – is the transition from high mortality rates, usually caused by infectious diseases, to lower mortality rates mainly caused by chronic diseases in a country or region. Patients use a zero-cost helpline to report outcomes every 2–3 months related to adherence, medicine availability, seizure frequency, healthcare related quality of life, and a few other parameters.

AJRR imports the PRO data into the AJRR’s Demand Reporting & Electronic Dashboard system. they do not make any assumptions of the underlying statistical distribution of the numerical variable displayed. Random error is assessed during the statistical analysis of the data collected in a study. Disease-centred epidemiology – is epidemiological research that focuses on only one disease or defined group of diseases and investigates distribution and determinants of this disease or group of diseases. under-estimating the true effect in the target population), away from the null-value (i.e. Doward LC, McKenna SP, Defining Patient-Reported Outcomes. Systematic sampling implies to evenly sample over the entire target population. [4] The questionnaires where the patient reports on health or physical function are known as patient-reported outcomes (PRO).
Since it is based on the mean, it can only be used in a meaningful way when the underlying distribution is symmetrical. In most cases Physiopedia articles are a secondary source and so should not be used as references. The scientific method – is framework for conducting research that has been developed over the last centuries and is largely dominated by Western perspectives.

Measures of functioning assess activities such as personal care, activities of daily living and locomotor activities. Analytical epidemiological study – is a quantitative, comparative study investigating the relationship between a study factor and an outcome. Infectious disease epidemiology provides models explaining occurrence and development of infectious disease outbreaks. Observations – is one form of data collection. A barchart consists of tabulated frequencies (absolute or relative frequencies), shown as separate disjointed rectangles representing the frequencies of observations of the different categories. Non-parametric statistics can still be used even if the numerical distribution(s) are non-Normal (i.e. Point prevalence – is the total number of people with a disease or an attribute divided by the total number of people in the population at a given point in time. Case-control study – is one of the three basic analytical observational study designs. Orthopaedic Scores: a free outcome measure calculation service for certain orthopaedic outcome measures. Structural uniformity – is a pre-requisite for the internal validity of an analytical epidemiological study. As a rule of thumb, the examination of the histogram (should loosely display a Gauss bell shape), the calculation of the ratio between the mean and the median (should be in the boundaries of 0.9 and 1.1), and the relative size of the standard deviation to the mean (the ratio of SD over the mean should be less than 0.33) can be used to practically decide whether a Normal distribution can be assumed or not. Human Research Ethics Committees (HRECs) -oversee the ethical conduct of research. Evidence based physical therapy. Confounding may occur if the effect of the study factor on the outcome is mixed in the data with the effect of another variable (= confounder). A randomised controlled trial that aims to identify best treatment for a disease is an example of tertiary prevention.

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