is intelligence genetic

However, some studies of twins reared apart (e.g.

The shared maternal (fetal) environment effects, often assumed to be negligible, account for 20% of covariance between twins and 5% between siblings, and the effects of genes are correspondingly reduced, with two measures of heritability being less than 50%. The other half is an individual differential. Let’s delve into the particulars of the two factors. Epub 2009 Mar 18. Review. [69] Genetic diversity within individuals is heavily correlated with IQ. Scientists have also learned that heritability does not only apply to intelligence, but more importantly, to every aspect of behavior as well.

Phenylketonuria is an example,[35] with publications demonstrating the capacity of phenylketonuria to produce a reduction of 10 IQ points on average. Another way of proving that intelligence really is genetic is through a psychological approach. [4] These findings are compatible with the view that a large number of genes, each with only a small effect, contribute to differences in intelligence. One method is to consider identical twins reared apart, with any similarities that exist between such twin pairs attributed to genotype. Jensen, Arthur (1998).

Although the study deals with educational attainment and not IQ, these two are strongly linked. [43], Harden, Turkheimer, and Loehlin (2007) investigated adolescents, most 17 years old, and found that, among higher income families, genetic influences accounted for approximately 55% of the variance in cognitive aptitude and shared environmental influences about 35%. See also, Biological siblings—Reared together—Adults .24, Unrelated children—Reared together—Children .28, Unrelated children—Reared together—Adults .04, Adoptive parent–child—Living together .19, This page was last edited on 17 September 2020, at 22:12.

The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory offers an interactive tool called Genes to Cognition that provides information about many aspects of the genetics of neuroscience. [52][53]

Although IQ differences between individuals are shown to have a large hereditary component, it does not follow that mean group-level disparities (between-group differences) in IQ necessarily have a genetic basis. Researchers have conducted many studies to look for genes that influence intelligence.

[5] Further, explaining the similarity in IQ of closely related persons requires careful study because environmental factors may be correlated with genetic factors. Individual levels can be affected by a substantial number of variablessuch as illnesses, disabilities, or accidents. [48], A 2012 study based on a representative sample of twins from the United Kingdom, with longitudinal data on IQ from age two to age fourteen, did not find evidence for lower heritability in low-SES families. With the theory of multiple intelligence becoming more and more accepted in the modern world, plus the belief that intelligence is a survival strategy, the concept of “intelligence” has become more complex in itself. Furthermore, it has been proven that genetic factors are relevant to one’s distinct brain structure and in shaping one’s intelligence.
The determination of many traits can be considered primarily genetic under similar environmental backgrounds. The amount they improved was directly related to the adopting family's socioeconomic status. Epub 2014 Sep 16. Review.

The value of heritability can change if the impact of environment (or of genes) in the population is substantially altered.

Intelligence has also been linked to evolution whereby the conception of  “survival of the fittest” is of prime focus.

It has been proven that brain structure measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates with scores from intelligence tests. The Tech Museum of Innovation at Stanford University provides a Q&A about the influence of genes and environment on IQ. The result is that any population at any time will carry a varied bunch of mutations that affect intelligence. A replication study in an independent sample confirmed these results, reporting a heritability estimate of 47%. Plomin R, Deary IJ.

The eight abilities which are linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, bodily-kinesthetic and musical are all subjective and may depend on personal judgment. Factors related to a child’s home environment and parenting, education and availability of learning resources, and nutrition, among others, all contribute to intelligence.

(1997a) conclusion that the prenatal environment contributes to twin IQ similarity is especially remarkable given the existence of an extensive empirical literature on prenatal effects. [9][10], Although IQ differences between individuals have been shown to have a large hereditary component, it does not follow that mean group-level disparities (between-group differences) in IQ necessarily have a genetic basis. The spectacles through which I see the race and IQ debate. In a society in which plenty of words are available in everyone's environment, especially for individuals who are motivated to seek them out, the number of words that individuals actually learn depends to a considerable extent on their genetic predispositions and thus heritability is high. Some people are more inclined to sports than others. However, that the opposite occurs is well documented. It was also repeatedly demonstrated that gray matter density is heritable, and that brain morphology results from familial contributions to some extent.

[66], A 2009 review article identified over 50 genetic polymorphisms that have been reported to be associated with cognitive ability in various studies, but noted that the discovery of small effect sizes and lack of replication have characterized this research so far.

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