how did the spanish flu spread

Since most people first heard about the flu from its attack on Spain, it was named the Spanish flu. All Rights Reserved.When Mask-Wearing Rules in the 1918 Pandemic Faced Resistance,Why the Second Wave of the 1918 Flu Was So Deadly,How U.S. Cities Tried to Halt the Spread of the 1918 Pandemic. Who would it kill?

And of the available medical personnel in the U.S., many came down with the flu themselves.Additionally, hospitals in some areas were so overloaded with flu patients that schools, private homes and other buildings had to be converted into makeshift hospitals, some of which were staffed by medical students.Officials in some communities imposed quarantines, ordered citizens to wear masks and shut down public places, including schools, churches and theaters. It was really a city of the dead.”,Victor Vaughan, formerly the dean of the University of Michigan’s Medical School, was not a man to resort to hyperbole. Still, he cautioned not to be “panic stricken over exaggerated reports.”,He needn’t have worried about exaggeration; the newspapers were on his side. And people knew because towns and cities ran out of coffins.People could believe nothing they were being told, so they feared everything, particularly the unknown. It had been cattle country—a now bankrupt ranch once handled 30,000 head—but Haskell farmers also raised hogs, which is one possible clue to the origin of the crisis that would terrorize the world that year. Earlier this year, upon leaving his post as head of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tom Frieden was asked what scared him the most, what kept him up at night. As an authoritative 1927 medical review concluded, “There is no doubt that the neuropsychiatric effects of influenza are profound...hardly second to its effect on the respiratory system.”.After that third wave, the 1918 virus did not go away, but it did lose its extraordinary lethality, partly because many human immune systems now recognized it and partly because it lost the ability to easily invade the lungs. Other studies found that for pregnant women, fatality rates ranged from 23 percent to 71 percent.Why did so many young adults die? In March 1918, 84,000 American soldiers headed across the Atlantic and were followed by 118,000 more the following month.When the 1918 flu hit, doctors and scientists were unsure what caused it or how to treat it. Won’t you...come to our help?” Still nothing. They knew because victims could die within hours of the first symptoms—horrific symptoms, not just aches and cyanosis but also a foamy blood coughed up from the lungs, and bleeding from the nose, ears and even eyes.

In small native villages in Alaska and Gambia, everyone died, probably because all got sick simultaneously and no one could provide care, could not even give people water, and perhaps because, with so much death around them, those who might have survived did not fight.The age of the victims was also striking. “You tell the truth.” Everyone shook their heads in agreement.Next, the people running the game revealed the day’s challenge to the participants: A severe pandemic influenza virus was spreading around the world. Now the head of the Army’s communicable disease division, he jotted down his private fear: “If the epidemic continues its mathematical rate of acceleration, civilization could easily disappear...from the face of the earth within a matter of a few more weeks.”.Then, as suddenly as it came, influenza seemed to disappear. Shattuck Co. only 54 percent of its workers showed up; at the George A. Gilchrist yard only 45 percent did; at Freeport Shipbuilding only 43 percent; at Groton Iron Works, 41 percent.Fear emptied the streets, too. In Mexico, estimates of the dead range from 2.3 to 4 percent of the entire population. ),In the United States, “flu season” generally runs from late fall into spring. A flu pandemic from 1957 to 1958 killed around 2 million people worldwide, including some 70,000 people in the United States, and a pandemic from 1968 to 1969 killed approximately 1 million people, including some 34,000 Americans.More than 12,000 Americans perished during the H1N1 (or “swine flu”) pandemic that occurred from 2009 to 2010. The initial impact of this discovery would first be described in a February 1999 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science (PNAS) journal entitled “Origin and evolution of the 1918 “Spanish” influenza virus hemagglutinin gene,” by Ann Reid et al.8Hultin was acknowledged as a co-author.
In just 10 days, over 1,000 Philadelphians were dead, with another 200,000 sick. The virus infected as much as 40 percent of the global population over the next 18 months.
The city’s public health director, Wilmer Krusen, declared that he would “confine this disease to its present limits, and in this we are sure to be successful.

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